Confounding changes in averages with marginal effects: How anchoring can destroy economic value in strategic investment assessments

Profit maximization requires that decision makers assess marginal profits. We demonstrate that decision makers often confound marginal profits with changes in average profits (e.g., changes in return‐on‐investment). This results in systematic deviations from profit maximization where decision makers forgo profit‐enhancing investments that reduce average profits or engage in loss‐enhancing investments that decrease average losses. In other words, average profit becomes an anchor by which new investments are assessed. We conduct two decision‐making experiments that show this bias and demonstrate it is pronounced when average profit data are accessible or task‐relevant. Moreover, we find within‐subject effects across experiments, which helps demonstrate the mechanism that invokes the bias. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

我国企业海外能源投资战略问题研究

改革开放30年来,我国经济持续高速增长,成就举世瞩目,目前正处于工业化、城市化及市场经济快速发展的阶段。但随之带来的是资源能源的消费量持续增长,产销的缺口逐步增大,对国外能源的依存度不断攀升。阐述了我国企业海外能源投资的必要性,分析了我国企业海外能源投资现状,从投资模式、融资方式、投资领域、技术创新、品牌建设等方面提出了我国海外能源投资战略,并指出了海外能源投资应注意的问题。     

Internationalization and the Structure of the Company＇s Marketing Strategy on International Markets Theoretical Remarks

The paper presents theoretical reflection upon international marketing strategy in the framework of internationalization and globalization of the market. It consists of four parts. The first one debates the nature and reasons for corporate internationalization. The second part shows an international marketing strategy in the concept of corporate expansion. The strategy consists of two elements： the basic dimensions of foreign market entry modes （part 3） and business presence strategies in overseas markets （part 4）. This paper proposes a theoretical framework for research conducted by Department of Marketing of the Cracow University of Economics. The research has been conducted as a part of grant received by Polish National Centre of Science.     

中国制造业企业跨国投资的战略选择分析

作为国民经济的主体和支柱,中国制造业应深刻认识到"走出去"战略的重要性,而跨国投资就是推进企业"走出去"的重要手段。目前,中国制造业企业的跨国投资存在诸多问题,进行正确的战略选择意义重大。在对国际经济合作和国际投资相关基本理论解析的基础上,论述中国制造业企业跨国投资在主体战略选择,区位战略选择和投资方式战略选择三个方面的现状和不尽合理之处,同时建议通过培育企业的国际竞争力,加强法律政策的建立完善等宏微观措施,促进国内制造业企业更好的进行跨国投资。     

Specific investment,supplier vulnerability and profit risks

We investigate, theoretically and empirically, the impact of relationship-specific investment on suppliers’ profitability and profit risks. In addition to the familiar holdup problem, we explore another facet of specific investment that has received little attention in the literature, namely suppliers’ vulnerability to customer risks. In a theoretical model, we demonstrate that the supplier vulnerability problem implies a negative relationship between the degree of specificity and the expected profit of a supplier, and a positive relationship between the degree of specificity and volatility of the supplier's profit. Using panel data on over 5,000 US firms from 1990 to 2010, our empirical analysis shows the prevalence of the supplier vulnerability problem.     

基于义利平衡观的社会责任取向与持续经营之关系——一家转制医院的案例研究

本文选取一家具有50多年发展历程的转制医院RQ医院为研究对象,通过案例研究的方法,对其在公立医院和股份制医院两个不同发展阶段的社会责任取向、社会责任行为和持续经营的情况进行了对比研究。研究发现:社会责任取向分为义取向和利取向两种,医院的义(利)取向越高,社会责任行为越高(低);义利平衡的社会责任取向有利于持续经营,社会责任取向和社会责任行为水平过低或过高均不利于组织的持续经营;与组织自身特征相适应的社会责任行为对持续经营有正向影响。因此本文认为组织应当保持一个适合于自身发展阶段和特征的社会责任取向水平,并选择相应的社会责任战略,唯如此,组织方能持续经营。     

浅议工程质量与工程造价

市场经济条件下,每个企业追求的目标与内在动力都是利润最大化,也是企业求生存、求发展的重要指标。通常建筑工程造价对建设单位来说就是投入,而相对施工单位来讲则是收入。建设单位为了降低造价,会相处千方百计的理由,而施工单位也会为了应付而想方设法增加工程造价,因此两者之间就有着一定的利益冲突。本文主要论述工程质量与工程造价的关系。     

服务业创新理论国外相关研究综述

基于国外理论与实践的研究,对创新过程的理解、传统的制造业向服务业转移、服务业创新实证研究、服务行业创新模式的研究进行了理论综述。从服务业创新研究现状看,原有的创新理论与服务业的发展现状已出现较多矛盾:传统的创新理论主要来源于制造业,而制造业创新与服务业相距甚远,所以在服务业领域缺乏规范的实证研究,从而使理论研究缺乏实证依据;服务业的多样性、交叉性及差异性,以及其行业的飞速发展性,使其创新内容、创新类型、创新模式等创新基本理论问题的概念化难度相对较大;服务业的相关研究较为零散,缺乏整体性和系统性。     

Fair profit contract for a carrier collaboration framework in a green hub network under soft time-windows: Dual lexicographic max–min approach

This paper models a novel and practical bi-objective hub-location problem under a centralized carrier collaboration framework between one holding company and multiple carriers. The holding company first establishes a hub-and-spoke network in order to locate p hubs and to assign the center nodes to the located hubs. Then, it allocates the transportation routes of the hub network to the carriers. In contrast, the carriers should select an appropriate vehicle type to serve the transportation requests in a green hub network. The carriers are also able to meet the transportation requests within a certain time-window based on a soft time-window mechanism. Moreover, aiming to emphasize green transportation, a vehicle emission model is used to take into account CO₂ emissions of the vehicles where the fuel consumption is a function of speed level. Aiming to identify a win–win deal between the holding company and the carriers, a dual lexicographic max–min (LMM) approach is used in order to optimize their profits in a fair way. Finally, some numerical experiments are presented to demonstrate the applicability of the proposed methodology. The computational results show that not only the holding company and the carriers can better generate a fair profit contract among themselves using the LMM approach, but also both can obtain more profit in the worst case for their businesses rather than using the max–min approach. In addition, sensitivity analyses show that increasing the size of the soft time-window leads to a reduction in the delivery schedule violations, while results in raising the total profit. Moreover, the tax cost of fuel consumption as well as the number of potential vehicles has a substantial impact on both the fuel consumption and carrier’s profit.     

我国海外投资非商业风险防范的困境及其应对——以江苏省为例

我国海外投资逐年增长,但受困于海外投资保险制度的不足和企业自身的风险防范意识不强,这在＂利比亚事件＂中表现得十分明显。笔者认为可以结合海外投资的审批程序,在地方立法先行的情况下,实施事前风险审查,要求企业建立风险控制系统,并在政府部门牵头下向中国信保实施打包投保制度。